Cyclic voltammetry (CV) results showed that LIG's capacitance, power density, and energy density were 6.09 mF cm –2, 0.199 mW cm –2, and 3.38 µWh cm –2, respectively, at a current density of 0.2 mA cm –2. Raman spectroscopy indicated that the fabricated samples exhibited distinct D and G bands at 1362 cm – cm –1, respectively. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of graphene and graphene oxide, which was further supported by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) data. SEM images displayed compact, dense, and porous surface morphology. AFM analysis revealed a surface roughness of 2.03 µm for LIG due to laser treatment. Characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and voltammetry, were employed to analyze the fabricated devices. One type of device utilized LIG, while two other types were fabricated on LIG by coating multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) at varying concentrations. Three-dimensional porous graphene films were synthesized, and devices with optimized parameters were fabricated and tested. We report on the development of LIG-based flexible supercapacitors with optimized geometries, which demonstrate high capacitance and energy density while maintaining flexibility and stability. Low-cost laser-induced graphene (LIG) offers a promising alternative to commercially available graphene for next-generation wearable and portable devices, thanks to its remarkable specific surface area, excellent mechanical flexibility, and exceptional electrical properties. The field of supercapacitors consistently focuses on research and challenges to improve energy efficiency, capacitance, flexibility, and stability.
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